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In aqueous solutions, the hydrogen atom on the carboxyl group of propanoic acid partially dissociates to release hydrogen ions (protons), making it a monoprotic weak acid with a pKa of 4.87 at 25°C.
Neutralization reactions with bases: It reacts with bases to form corresponding propionates.
With sodium hydroxide: CH₃CH₂COOH + NaOH → CH₃CH₂COONa + H₂O
With calcium hydroxide: 2 CH₃CH₂COOH + Ca(OH)₂ → (CH₃CH₂COO)₂Ca + 2 H₂O
With ammonia water: CH₃CH₂COOH + NH₃·H₂O → CH₃CH₂COONH₄ + H₂O
Double displacement reactions with weak acid salts: It reacts with carbonates to release carbon dioxide: 2 CH₃CH₂COOH + CO₃²⁻ → 2 CH₃CH₂COO⁻ + H₂O + CO₂↑
Corrosivity toward metals: Due to its weak acidity, propanoic acid is corrosive to many metals, such as iron and magnesium, producing hydrogen gas and metal propionates.